Learn How to Pronounce French With This Audio Guide

Anyone with the great  good fortune of having studied in Paris at the Cours de Civilisation Francaise at the Sorbonne, one of the worlds great universities,  remembers the  courss famed phonetics class. Since this program is affiliated with a national university, the schools mission is to uphold French culture around the world by teaching French as a foreign language and French civilization (literature, history, art and more). Unsurprisingly, the study of phonetics is an important part of the program. Phonetics is, in everyday parlance, the system and study of sounds uttered in speaking  a language: in short, the way a language is pronounced. In French, pronunciation is a big deal, a very big deal.   Pronounce words correctly and youll be understood. You might even be accepted into French society as a person who speaks French like the French. That is a high compliment in a country that prizes the correctness and poetry of its language.   About 7,000 students go through the cours  annually, mostly from Germany, the US, the UK, Brazil, China, Sweden, Korea, Spain, Japan, Poland and Russia. Open Your Mouth The preponderance of students come  from Germany, the US and the UK, who speak Germanic languages that require them to show little physical evidence of actually speaking. These students  learn a hard lesson their first day: To express French correctly, you must open your mouth. For this reason, students are drilled in pursing their lips generously to form an O when they are speaking a French O (oooo), stretching their lips wide when they say a hard French I (eeee), dropping the lower jaw decisively when they say a soft French A (ahahahah), making sure the sides of the tongue hit the roof of the mouth and the lips are tightly pursed when they pronounce the curvy French U (a bit like the U in  pure). Learn the Pronunciation Rules In French, there are rules governing pronunciation, which involves intricacies such as  silent letters, accent marks, contractions, liaisons, musicality and plenty of exceptions. Its essential to learn some basic pronunciation rules, then start speaking and keep on speaking. Youll need a lot of practice to figure out how to say things correctly. Below are some basic rules governing French pronunciation with links to sound files, examples and even more information on each point. Basic Rules of French Phonetics The French R Its difficult for English speakers to wrap their tongues around the French R. Granted, it can be  tricky. The good news is that it is possible for a non-native speaker to learn how to pronounce it well. If you follow instructions and practice a lot, youll get it. The French U The French U is another tricky sound, at least for English speakers, for two reasons: Its hard to say and its sometimes difficult for untrained ears to distinguish it from the French OU. But with practice, you can definitely learn how to hear and say it. Nasal Vowels Nasal vowels are those that make the language sound like the speakers nose is stuffed up. In fact, nasal vowel sounds are created by pushing air through the nose and mouth, rather than just the mouth as you do for regular vowels. Its not so difficult once you get the hang of it. Listen, practice  and you will learn.   Accent Marks Accents in French are physical markings on letters that guide pronunciation. They are very important because they not only modify pronunciation; they also change meaning. Therefore, its crucial to know which accents do what, as well as how to type them. Accents can be typed on any English-language computer, either by copying them from a library of symbols in your computer software and inserting them into your French text, or by using shortcut keys to directly insert them into French text. Silent Letters Many French letters are silent, and a lot of them are found at the end of words. However, not all final letters are silent. Read over the following  lessons to get a general idea of which letters are silent in French. Silent H (H  Muet) or Aspirated H (H Aspirà ©) Whether its an  H  muet  or an  H aspirà ©, the French H is always silent, yet it has the strange ability to act as both a consonant and a vowel. That is, the  H aspirà ©, although silent, functions like a consonant and does not allow contractions or liaisons to occur in front of it. But the  H  muet  functions like a vowel, which means that contractions and liaisons are required in front of it. Just take the time to memorize the types of H used in very common words, and youll understand. Liaisons and  Enchaà ®nement French words are pronounced so that they seem to flow one into the next thanks to the French practice of linking sounds, known as  liaisons and enchaà ®nement; this is done  for ease of pronunciation.  These sound linkages can cause problems not only in  speaking,  but also in  listening comprehension. The more you know about  liaisons and enchaà ®nement, the better youll be able to speak and to understand whats being said. Contractions In French, contractions are required. Whenever a short word like  je, me, le, la, or  ne  is followed by a word that begins with a vowel or silent (muet) H, the short word drops the final vowel, adds an apostrophe, and attaches itself to the following word. This is not optional, as it is in English; French contractions are required. Thus, you should never say je  aime or le  ami.  It is always  jaime  and  lami. Contractions  never  occur in front of a French consonant (except for the H  muet). Euphony It may seem odd that French has specific rules for euphony, or the production of harmonious sounds.  But thats the case, and this and the languages musicality are two big reasons why non-native speakers fall in love with this language. Familiarize yourself with the various French euphonic techniques to use them. Rhythm Have you ever heard anyone say that French is very musical? Thats partly because there are no stress marks on French words: All syllables are pronounced with the same intensity, or volume. Instead of stressed syllables on words, French has rhythmic groups of related words within each sentence. It may seem a little complicated, but read the following lesson and youll grasp what you need to work on. Now Listen and Speak! After youve learned basic rules, listen to good spoken French. Begin your French phonetics journey with  a  a beginners audio guide  to  pronouncing individual letters and combinations of letters. Then use the links in the French Audio Guide below to learn how to pronounce full words and expressions. Follow up by searching YouTube for French movie trailers, music videos and French television talk shows to see dialogues in action. Anything that shows  a real-time dialogue will give you an idea of the inflections used in statements, questions, exclamations and more.   Of course, nothing can top going to France for a few weeks or months of immersion in the language. If you are serious about learning to speak  French, one day you must go. Find French language classes that suit you. Stay with a French family. Who knows? You might even want to enroll in the  university-level  Cours de Civilisation Francaise de la Sorbonne  (CCFS).  Speak with your university at home before you go, and you might be able to negotiate credit for some or all of your CCFS classes if you pass the courss final exam.   French Audio Guide   As for the French Audio Guide below, it contains more than 2,500 alphabetical entries. Click on the links and youll be sent to the entry pages, each with French words and expressions, sound files, English translations and links to additional or related information. The terms have been culled from their original homes in assorted vocabulary and pronunciation lessons, which gives this a useful range of vocabulary. Any vocabulary you dont find here, youll find in the highly regarded Larousse French-English dictionary, which has clear French audiofiles with native speakers. Words beginning with A, B, and CWords beginning with D, E, and FWords beginning with G, H, I, and JWords beginning with K, L, M, and NWords beginning with O, P, Q, and RW ords beginning with the letters T through Z Key to  Abbreviationsin The French Audio Guide Grammar and Parts of Speech (adj) adjective (adv) adverb (f) feminine (m) masculine (fam) familiar (inf) informal (fig) figurative (pej) pejorative (interj) interjection (prep) preposition

Julius Caesar and Napoleon Bonaparte - 1340 Words

Jesse Guadagno Ryan Biracree College Writing 11/4/12 Julius Caesar and Napoleon Bonaparte This world has seen many great leaders and emperors but two of them standout a little more than the others. Their names are Julius Caesar and Napoleon Bonaparte. Both men were highly respected and greatly feared. They also ran great empires that spanned over thousands of miles. They wanted to rule and conquer anything they could. They have many similarities and differences in the way they ruled and conquered. Their empires were so big that there came a time where they couldn’t control it and their reign came to an end. Julius Caesar and Napoleon Bonaparte have molded and shaped the way rulers and leaders should rule over†¦show more content†¦Impressed by his feats the five main military leaders asked Napoleon to invade England, instead he offered a plan to invade Egypt. After he got the okay to do so Napoleon took over the Egyptian army and its main leaders (www.history.com, www.thefreesource.com). In 1799 Napoleon overthrew the French Directory in an attemp t to gain more power. After the defeat he was the leading political figure to most historians (www.history.com). As leader Napoleon improved not only the military of France but also the economy and other parts of the French empire. He helped reform the banks and education system as well as improving the arts and sciences. But his biggest contribution was the Napoleonic code, which was a big part of the legal system in France.(www.history.com, www.thefreesource.com, www.bbc.co.uk). In 1804 Napoleon declared himself emperor of France, which was meant he was the sole leader of this great empire (www.history.com). Napoleon won many battles and his reign stretched from the edge of the border of Spain to Italy and also some parts in Austria and Egypt. It was a strong and powerful empire at the time. The start of Napoleon’s downfall began when Russia broke agreements with France. So Napoleon brought about 600,000 troops into Russia to attack but the Russians were prepared and had the perfect strategy to defeat the French army. The Russians would retreat and keep the French marchingShow MoreRelatedJulius Caesar And Napoleon Bonaparte1431 Words   |  6 Pagesindividuals are Julius Caesar and Napoleon Bonaparte, both legends and incredible rulers of their time. These men represented what a leader should be, and exactly what made leaders so powerful. Although these two men lived in completely different time periods there are similarities and differences that connect the two. Napoleon Bonaparte was born on August 15, 1769 in Ajaccio, Corsica. He came from a respected family, the family strayed away from being involved with the military. 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Locomotion of Horse Movement Free Essays

Locomotion is the movement of bodies from one position to another. Therefore, locomotion of horse movement refers to the bodily movement of the horse in particular. The bodily movement of the horse depends on the shape, length and structure of the horse. We will write a custom essay sample on Locomotion of Horse Movement or any similar topic only for you Order Now When galloping, a horse alternates between the front and back legs. When one side protracts, the other side retracts, hence the four legs change their position. Therefore, during a complete stride, the horse walking performs four triple stances, two diagonal and two laterals. Starting movement with the protraction of the right hind, the left hind retracts, moving back. This position rotates the right hip a head and the left foot back. Measurement and use of some anatomic parts of the animal body has been considered objective criteria for morphological evaluation. Therefore, the dynamically similar locomotion will not be similar in the animals that have properties that are identical. This means that deviations that are detectable from those that are dynamically similar in locomotion are likely over the size limit that is found in adult horses. These have been bred by human beings in a wider range of sizes as compared to the adults most species. The horses walk is quite similar to that of human beings walk. This fact is supported by the results attained by Ronalndelli e Dust. In his study, he found out that an average hip rotation of 25, 39 degrees measuring the walk of the horse. This result is similar to that of the hip rotation observed by Van de Linden (2002) in kinematics and kinetic gait characteristics of normal children walking at a range of clinically relevant speed. Adding to this too Donald F.  Hoyt*  Ã‚  C. Richard  Taylor also feels that there is need to minimize their energy there is need to minimize their energy consumption. Therefore, the quadrupeds need to change the gait from a walk to a trot, then to a gallon to support this. This is seen in human who change from walk to a run at a certain speed that requires less energy than running and vice versa. Therefore, they minimize the energy cost of locomotion as their speed increases. This is because the metabolic rate does increase curvilinear with change in the walking speed. However, this is not the same to the quadrupeds as their metabolic rates increase linearly with the change in speed. In an experiment, extended gaits are taken to be tools of importance in the study of the changes of human beings. Using three trained horses, its seen that through the use of the amount of oxygen consumption as the indicator of the amount of energy consumption, the natural gait shows the s smallest amount of energy a t any speed. According to Dr. Alan Wilson, a horse’s leg resembles a pogo stick that uses energy stored in the muscles and tendons to enable animal move forward and upwards. The stiffer the horse’s leg restricts how quickly it can transmit force to the ground and bounce back up again and increase the chances of injury. However, research has shown that fast horses can bring their legs forward quickly in preparation for the next stride. However, this is difficult and therefore slower for large and long-legged horses. We found that the minimum, preferred and maximum sustained speeds within a trot and a gallop all change in the same rather dramatic manner with body size, differing by nine-fold between mice and horses (i.e. all three speeds scale with about the 0.2 power of body mass).  Also we found out that the mass-specific energetic cost of locomotion is almost directly proportional to the stride frequency used to sustain a constant speed at all the equivalent speeds within a trot and a gallop, except for the minimum trotting speed (Heglund NC, 2002). When in movement, the forelegs of the horse bear the weight of the horse. This leads to the occurrence of a momentary deceleration. This is followed by downward movement due to the force of gravity. That is, the head and neck moves downwards. Therefore, this leads to the stretch of the strong elastic rope found at the back of the skull. It then stretches withers hence forming the upper lining of the neck. As the head pendulum swing s downwards, there is an effect on the spine which is rigid. This leads to the raising of the tail end part of the spine. There is also the swing of the hind legs due to elevation of the hips. This helps to keep stable the inertia that leads to the backward movement of the back legs from the stride they were before. Therefore, the expenditure of the energy used by the muscles to move them forward to in the coming stride is saved amicably. However, the contents of the liver and abdominal are thrust against the diaphragm due to the first deceleration that occurs together with the hips elevation. This diminishes the volume of the thorax and assists respiration. At the suspension stage when the elastic recoil of the ligament is important as it is used to take back or restore the head into original position. This happens when all the four feet are off the ground. As a result, a tug occurs which helps to draw the forelegs caused by the head being elevated. The inertia is overcome and as a result the previous backward move occurs (Chris Webster (2005) The fore legs are then moved forward while the hind legs bear the weight. This combined performance therefore elevates the spine of the horse at a level similar to that of the withers. This leads to the flattening of the diaphragm and as a result of the liver being firmly bound to it. Hence, the thorax enlarges supporting the process of inspiration. As the process of locomotion takes place, 100% efficiency cannot be achieved although economy is enhanced by the cyclic interchange that takes place between the many forms of mechanical energy that is available. A metabolic cost is also associated with fluctuations that occur in mechanical energy that is involved in the locomotion that is of high speed gallop type race horses (Karen E. Adolph (2000). Therefore, natural waving of the head and neck done by the horse is termed as the head bob. Each head bob varies depending on its degree from one horse to the other. This mechanism therefore helps a galloping horse to minimize the amount of energy spent on movement or locomotion and respiration as well. To counter the movement of the horse too the anatomy of the horse at the muscle level also matters for its movement too. Looking at the longest tendons found in the horse, that is the superficial digital flexor tendon (SDFT), disturbance of the locomotors characteristics of the SDFT takes place in most cases at the middle part of the mid-metacarpal area. However, up to date there is no evidence the morphological characteristics of collagen fibrils found at the middle and peripheral parts of the three regions that make the entire tendon. However, there is the presence of the myotendious junction (MTJ), the osteondious joint (OS) and the mid- metacarpal region (mM) The mass average diameter (MAD) is useful since it provides important information on the mean collaged diameter and the strength of the tendon. That is the tensile strength of the tendon. This was found to be smaller in the central are as compared to that at the peripheral area of the three regions. The MAD value however was found to lowest in the two areas at the MTJ region, but increases gradually in a distal way in the OTJ which unite with the bone. Thus, the morphological characteristics suggest that it is similar to biochemical functions in some parts of the SDFT. But for Butcher MT, the process of training and racing the lesions of the superficial tendon always are taken to be common careers ending injuries to the race horses although this is not fully understood. However, this has fatigue –resistant characteristics and force production features as well, which allow storage and return of the elastic energy by the tendons (Andrea Ellis, Julian Hill (2005). Depending on these features and proof from history, it is therefore assumed that overloading of the SDFT is as a result of fatigue of the synergist, which is a faster contracting and deep flexor muscle. Therefore, the horse should be well taken care of and well fed to enhance its locomotion. References Karen E. Adolph (2000) Learning in the Development of Infant Locomotion, Psychology, Blackwell.ISBN0631224564. Chris Webster (2005), The Mechanism of Motion, Performing Arts. Nohingham University press, ISBN1897676468. Andrea Ellis, Julian Hill (2005) Nutritional Psychology pf the Horse, Medical. Elsevier, ISBN0240516664       How to cite Locomotion of Horse Movement, Essay examples

Types of Network Attacks free essay sample

A Denial-of-Service (DoS) attack is mounted with the objective of causing a negative impact on the performance of a computer or network. It is also known as network saturation attack or bandwidth consumption attack. Attackers make DoS attacks by sending a large number of protocol packets to a network. The problems caused by a DoS attack are as follows: * Saturate network resources. * Disrupt connections between two computers, thereby preventing communications between services. Disrupt services to a specific computer. Man-in-the-middle : Man-in-the-middle attacks occur when an attacker successfully inserts an intermediary software or program between two communicating hosts. The intermediary software or program allows attackers to listen to and modify the communication packets passing between the two hosts. The software intercepts the communication packets and then sends the information to the receiving host. The receiving host responds to the software, presuming it to be the legitimate client. Replay Attack : A replay attack is a type of attack in which attackers capture packets containing passwords or digital signatures whenever packets pass between two hosts on a network. We will write a custom essay sample on Types of Network Attacks or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page In an attempt to obtain an authenticated connection, the attackers then resend the captured packet to the system. In this type of attack, the attacker does not know the actual password, but can simply replay the captured packet. Distributed Denial of Service (DDOS) : In the distributed denial of service (DDOS) attack, an attacker uses multiple computers throughout the network that it has previously infected. Such computers act as zombies and work together to send out bogus messages, thereby increasing the amount of phony traffic. The major advantages to an attacker of using a distributed denial-of-service attack are that multiple machines can generate more attack traffic than one machine, multiple attack machines are harder to turn off than one attack machine, and that the behavior of each attack machine can be stealthier, making it harder to track down and shut down. TFN, TRIN00, etc. are tools used for the DDoS attack.